Electrification of transportation in Lebanon: Feasibility, infrastructure requirements, and environmental impact in the context of the energy crisis

Lebanon’s prolonged energy crisis, characterized by chronic electricity shortages, heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels, and widespread dependence on private diesel generators, presents both a challenge and an opportunity for the electrification of the transportation sector. This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of adopting electric vehicles (EVs) in Lebanon, examining grid capacity constraints, infrastructure requirements, renewable energy integration potential, and life-cycle environmental impacts. Particular attention is given to the role of Électricité du Liban and the emerging decentralized solar photovoltaic market in enabling EV charging solutions under conditions of unreliable public electricity supply. Through scenario analysis comparing business-as-usual internal combustion engine vehicle dependence with varying levels of EV penetration, the research assesses impacts on fuel imports, greenhouse gas emissions, urban air quality, and macroeconomic stability. Findings suggest that while large-scale electrification faces structural challenges related to grid reliability and regulatory capacity, a decentralized, solar-integrated EV model could enhance energy security, reduce environmental degradation, and contribute to long-term economic resilience. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to guide phased implementation aligned with Lebanon’s renewable energy and recovery strategies.